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Archives: Analytes

Estriol in Saliva

Salivary Estriol

Estriol (1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,16α,17β-triol; E3) is a female sex steroid hormone largely associated with pregnancy and fetal development.  Fetal adrenal DHEA-S is metabolized in the fetal liver to 16α-hydroxy-DHEA-S, which is then converted to estriol in the placenta. (1,2)  By the second trimester, about 90% of the estriol produced is derived from this fetal adrenal DHEA-S. (2) […]

Estradiol in Saliva

Salivary Estradiol

​Estradiol is one of the three main estrogenic steroid hormones present in humans.  It is the most active naturally secreted estrogen. (1)  In menstruating women, estradiol is produced primarily by the ovarian follicles from testosterone, with additional amounts produced by extraglandular conversion of testosterone in peripheral tissues. (1,2,3,4)  Concentrations peak mid-cycle, marking ovulation, followed by […]

DHEA-S in Saliva

Salivary DHEA-S

​DHEA-S is a steroid hormone produced primarily in the adrenal cortex. It is the sulfated version of the human steroid DHEA, and, like DHEA, it is secreted in response to ACTH.  DHEA-S has been reported to have a diurnal rhythm, but the findings have varied, and some studies found no variation. (1)  DHEA-S in the blood […]

DHEA in Saliva

Salivary DHEA

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a steroid hormone produced principally in the adrenal cortex.   In men, it is estimated that 10-25% of the circulating DHEA is secreted by the testes. (1)  DHEA and its sulfated analog DHEA-S serve primarily as precursors that circulate to peripheral tissues, where they are converted to androgens and estrogens. (1,2)  This allows […]

Cotinine in Saliva

Salivary Cotinine

When nicotine from tobacco smoke is taken into the lungs and enters the bloodstream, the principle metabolite produced in the liver is cotinine.  Cotinine diffuses easily from blood into saliva, and salivary cotinine and blood levels are highly correlated. (1)  Cotinine in saliva has a longer half-life than nicotine (more than 10 hours), and the […]

C-Reactive Protein in Saliva

Salivary C-Reactive Protein

C-Reactive Protein (CRP) circulates in the blood plasma as a stable homopentamer and a prominent member of the acute-phase inflammatory proteins. CRP functions mainly in innate immune defense and levels increase in response to inflammation, infection, tissue damage, necrosis, malignancy and allergic reactions (1). CRP has diagnostic value as a marker of systemic inflammation in […]

Androstenedione in Saliva

Salivary Androstenedione

​Androstenedione (4-androstenedione; 4-dione; 4-androstene-3,17-dione) is a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads. (1,2,3) It is synthesized from DHEA or 17OH-progesterone, and it serves principally as the immediate precursor compound that is converted into testosterone or estrone, both of which may then be further converted into estradiol. (4)  The same sequence of conversion of DHEA and androstenedione […]

Salivary Alpha Amylase

Salivary Alpha-Amylase

​​Alpha-Amylase (or α-Amylase) is a digestive enzyme that hydrolyses alpha-1,4 bonds of large polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen, yielding the smaller by-products of glucose and maltose. (1) Alpha amylase is synthesized in the acinar cells of the saliva glands and stored in secretory granules inside these cells. (2) Its release from the salivary cells […]

Aldosterone in Saliva

Salivary Aldosterone

Recent studies have shown that primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension with a prevalence of approximately 5-10% among all hypertensive patients and an even higher prevalence among selected patients with advanced stages of hypertension and resistant hypertension. (1)  Screening for PA among hypertensive patients is important due ​to its association with risk […]

17OHP in Saliva

Salivary 17 Alpha-OHP

17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OH progesterone or 17OHP) is a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland and gonads. (1,2,3) It is synthesized from progesterone, and it serves primarily as a precursor compound that is converted into cortisol in the adrenal gland, or into androgenic and estrogenic steroid hormones in the gonads. (3,4) 17-OHP is routinely used for […]

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